Congressional Oversight of Federal Bureaucracy

The federal bureaucracy in the United States is often referred to as the "fourth branch" of government due to its significant role in the execution of federal laws and policies. Numerous agencies and departments exist within this vast structure, each with distinct responsibilities and varying degrees of autonomy. Over the years, the relationship between the executive branch and the federal bureaucracy has evolved, raising questions about accountability and effectiveness in public administration. One key aspect is the extent to which these agencies possess discretion in implementing laws versus being strictly regulated by the legislative framework set forth by Congress.

Which of the following best describes the process by which Congress exercises oversight over the federal bureaucracy?