Understanding p-values in Research Analysis

Hard Unit 1: Scientific Foundations Statistical Analysis

In a recent psychology study, researchers examined the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. They administered a series of cognitive tasks to participants who had either a full night of sleep or had been deprived of sleep for 24 hours. The results were statistically analyzed to determine if there was a significant difference in performance between the two groups. The researchers reported a p-value of 0.03. In light of this finding, which of the following statements accurately reflects the implications of the reported p-value?

There is a 3% chance that the difference in cognitive performance is due to random chance.

There is a 97% probability that sleep deprivation does not affect cognitive performance.

The study failed to reject the null hypothesis, indicating no significant difference.

There is sufficient evidence to suggest that sleep deprivation has a statistically significant effect on cognitive performance.

The sample size was too small to draw any reliable conclusions.

Hint

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