Genetic vs Environmental Influences on Psychological Outcomes

Very Hard Unit 11: Testing & Individual Differences Genetic And Environmental Influences

In the study of individual differences, researchers often explore how genetics and environment contribute to various psychological traits, such as intelligence and personality. Assume a hypothetical scenario where two groups of genetically identical twins are raised in contrasting environments: one group in a nurturing, supportive environment and another in a neglectful, impoverished setting. Which of the following statements best summarizes the research findings related to the impact of these varied environments on the twins' psychological outcomes?

Genetic factors heavily outweigh environmental influences regardless of upbringing.

Twins raised in nurturing environments will always outperform those raised in neglectful ones on measures of intelligence.

Environmental factors can significantly alter the expression of genetic predispositions, leading to notable differences in psychological outcomes.

The environment has minimal impact on psychological traits when genetic similarity is high.

Psychological outcomes in identical twins are entirely determined by their upbringing.

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