Impact of the Necessary and Proper Clause in Federalism

Very Hard Unit 1: Foundations Of Democracy Federalism

In the context of federalism in the United States, consider the implications of the Necessary and Proper Clause as established in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. This clause grants Congress the authority to make all laws which shall be 'necessary and proper' for carrying into execution its enumerated powers. Given this context, which of the following statements best exemplifies the impact of the Necessary and Proper Clause on the balance of power between national and state governments?

It allows states to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional according to their interpretation.

It empowers Congress to create laws that extend federal authority beyond those explicitly listed.

It restricts state governments from exercising any powers not explicitly granted to them by the federal government.

It mandates that all state laws must align with federal laws, thereby invalidating state authority.

Hint

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