Adverse Effect of ACE Inhibitors in CKD

A 65-year-old patient with a history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease is prescribed an ACE inhibitor for the management of their condition. The nurse is aware that ACE inhibitors can cause a specific adverse effect in patients who have renal impairment.

Fill in the blank: In patients with chronic kidney disease, the use of an ACE inhibitor can lead to an increase in serum __________ levels.