Assessing Hemodynamics in COPD and Heart Failure

A 45-year-old male patient is admitted to the telemetry unit with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), complicated by right-sided heart failure. His vital signs upon admission show a blood pressure of 98/60 mmHg, a heart rate of 112 beats per minute, and elevated jugular venous distension (JVD). The nurse anticipates the need to evaluate the patient's cardiac output. Which of the following parameters reflects an immediate method for assessing the patient's hemodynamic status?