Assessing Hemodynamics in Heart Failure

A 68-year-old male patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypertension is admitted to the emergency department with shortness of breath and generalized edema. His vital signs indicate a heart rate of 110 bpm, respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute, blood pressure of 90/60 mmHg, and oxygen saturation of 88% on room air. The healthcare provider suspects acute heart failure exacerbated by fluid overload.

As the nurse on duty, you need to assess the hemodynamic parameters critical to the management of this patient. Which of the following options should you consider when interpreting the patient's hemodynamic status? Select all that apply.