Affirmative Action in Higher Education

Hard Unit 3: Civil Liberties & Rights Affirmative Action

Affirmative action policies in the United States have been a subject of intense debate regarding their impact on college admissions and employment practices. As affirmative action seeks to improve opportunities for historically marginalized groups, it faces challenges regarding its constitutionality under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

In the landmark case Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court upheld the use of affirmative action in college admissions, stating that it serves a compelling interest in promoting diversity. However, the Court also outlined certain limitations on how these policies must be implemented. Understanding these nuances is essential for evaluating the role and scope of affirmative action in American society.

Which of the following statements regarding affirmative action and its regulation in the context of higher education is most accurate?

Affirmative action policies are mandated by federal law and apply uniformly to all educational institutions.

In <i>Grutter v. Bollinger</i>, the Supreme Court ruled that race can be a factor in admissions, but cannot be the sole determinant.

All affirmative action policies have been deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Affirmative action programs must guarantee admission to minority students regardless of their qualifications.

Hint

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