Challenges to Civil Liberties: The First Amendment

The Bill of Rights has fundamentally shaped the American legal and political landscape since its ratification in 1791. Among its ten amendments, specific provisions have been subject to rigorous interpretation by the courts. Consider the following situations:

1. A state passes a law prohibiting any assembly viewed as politically controversial.

2. A school district enforces a policy that prohibits students from wearing T-shirts with political messages.

3. A local government requires all citizens to disclose their social media passwords for public safety reasons.

4. A journalist is subpoenaed to reveal the source of a confidential informant.

In light of these scenarios, which amendment would most likely be cited in challenges against these actions?