Contributions of Ancient Civilizations
Listen to the following lecture about ancient civilizations and their contributions to modern society:
Professor: Welcome, everyone! Today, we will explore the fascinating world of ancient civilizations and how their achievements continue to influence our lives today. First, let's look at the Sumerians, who are credited with developing one of the earliest forms of writing known as cuneiform. This innovation allowed them to keep records and communicate ideas, which was essential for administering their cities.
Next, we'll examine the Egyptian civilization, particularly their advancements in architecture. The construction of the pyramids at Giza is not only a testament to their architectural skills but also to their understanding of mathematics and engineering. Additionally, their innovations in medicine, such as surgical techniques and the preservation of the body, laid the groundwork for modern medical practices.
Finally, we'll discuss the contributions of the Indus Valley Civilization, known for their sophisticated urban planning and sanitation systems. Their cities featured grid layouts and drainage systems that were remarkably advanced for their time, demonstrating an impressive understanding of public health.
Note: This question has been adapted from its original format to accommodate a reading-based version. In the official TOEFL exam, speaking and listening sections require verbal responses and audio prompts, which are not represented here. Please note that this adaptation may not fully reflect the nature or difficulty of the official exam. The audio feature for these sections will be available soon.