Critical Legislation for Westward Expansion

In the late 19th century, as the United States expanded westward, various legislative acts were implemented to encourage settlement and economic development. One of the most influential laws was the Homestead Act of 1862, which promised land to settlers under specific conditions. However, other policies were enacted concurrently that aimed to facilitate transportation, finance, and land acquisition for settlers. Understanding the intricate web of legislation reveals the economic underpinnings and government strategies that enabled the massive movement of people into the West. Which of the following policies played a critical role in shaping the settlement patterns during this period, particularly in relation to access and economic opportunity?