Enzyme Behavior and Free Energy

Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They are often specific to substrates and their activity can be influenced by various factors including temperature, pH, and the concentration of substrates. One of the key features of enzymes is that they lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed, enhancing the rate of the reaction without being consumed in the process.

Consider the following statements regarding enzymes:

• The catalytic effectiveness of an enzyme can be quantified through its turnover number.
• Enzymes are typically inactive at high temperatures due to denaturation.
• Increasing substrate concentration can lead to an increase in reaction velocity until saturation occurs.
• Enzymes increase the free energy change of a reaction.

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the behavior of enzymes?