A group of scientists wanted to understand how different levels of caffeine affect the heart rate of mice. They divided the mice into four groups: one group received no caffeine, one group received a low dose, one group received a medium dose, and one group received a high dose of caffeine. After administering the caffeine, they measured the heart rates of the mice after 30 minutes.
Which of the following statements describes a key aspect of the experimental design used in this study?