Factors Increasing Efficiency of Bacterial Transformation

In microbial genetics, a phenomenon known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a significant role in the evolution and adaptation of bacteria. One of the principal mechanisms by which HGT can occur is through transformation, where competent bacteria take up free DNA from their environment.

Given the importance of transformation in microbial adaptation, researchers have sought to identify the conditions that can affect this process. Which of the following factors is most likely to enhance the efficiency of transformation in naturally competent bacteria?