Factors Influencing Hemodynamics

In assessing a patient’s circulatory status, the nurse gathers information regarding various factors that influence hemodynamic parameters. Hemodynamics refers to the dynamics of blood flow, which is vital for maintaining tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Understanding the factors that affect hemodynamic stability is crucial for effective patient care.

Which of the following factors should the nurse consider as influencing the patient's hemodynamic status? Select all that apply.