Group Differences in Test Scores: Environmental Factors

In the context of psychological testing, there has been ongoing debate regarding group differences in test performance. One important concept is the belief that test scores can reflect underlying cognitive abilities, which can differ between various demographic groups. For example, researchers have explored the extent to which socio-economic status, cultural background, and education level can influence scores on standardized tests such as the SAT or IQ tests. While some studies indicate that group differences may be attributed to environmental factors, others suggest intrinsic cognitive variability across groups.

Which of the following most accurately describes a reason for group differences in standardized test scores that focuses on environmental factors?