Identifying Vocabulary in Context

In a recent article analyzing the revival of minimalist design in architecture, the author states:

"The current trend towards minimalism, with its spartan aesthetics, often evokes a sense of tranquility and unencumbered space. However, critics argue that this approach can also lead to an overly sterile environment, stripping away warmth and personality. While proponents laud its efficiency and simplicity, the question remains: does the eradication of ornate detail enhance or detract from the human experience within these spaces?"

Which of the following words could best replace spartan in the context of the passage?