Impact of Urbanization on Ecosystems

The following passage explores the effects of urbanization on natural ecosystems:

As cities expand and populations densify, natural ecosystems face unprecedented challenges. Urbanization often leads to habitat fragmentation, pollution, and the introduction of non-native species. These factors can degrade the biodiversity of urban areas and disrupt the ecological balance. Moreover, the increasing impervious surfaces, such as roads and buildings, exacerbate stormwater runoff, which can result in flooding and erosion. In response to these challenges, some urban planners advocate for green infrastructure, which integrates nature-based solutions into urban settings. This approach aims to enhance ecosystem services while providing urbanites with green spaces that can improve mental health and community cohesion.

In light of this context, the consequences of urban expansion on ecosystems can best be described as __________.