Cognitive Processes in Learning: Metacognition and Cognitive Maps

In the realm of cognitive processes involved in learning, several theories illustrate how individuals acquire knowledge through internal mental processes rather than through direct reinforcement or punishment. One approach emphasizes the mechanisms through which individuals make sense of their experiences and integrate new information with existing knowledge. This involves not just the acquisition of skills or behaviors but also the strategic application and adaptation of that knowledge in varied contexts.

Consider the concept of cognitive maps, introduced by Edward Tolman in his studies on rats navigating mazes. This concept implies that individuals can form mental representations of spatial relationships rather than relying solely on direct experiences or trial and error methods. An alternative approach is the theory of cognitive apprenticeship, which posits that learners gain knowledge in a more social context, often through expert guidance. Which of the following statements best describes a significant cognitive process that integrates these theoretical concepts?