Listen to the following passage about the impacts of urbanization:

Urbanization has profoundly altered the landscape of cities around the world. Rapid growth in population density has led to both economic opportunities and significant challenges. For instance, as more people migrate to urban areas seeking job prospects, cities are often overwhelmed by the increased demand for housing, transportation, and public services. This phenomenon has resulted in the expansion of informal settlements, where residents may lack access to basic necessities.

Moreover, urbanization contributes to environmental degradation. The construction of buildings and infrastructure often encroaches on green spaces, leading to a loss of biodiversity. Air pollution levels tend to rise due to the increased number of vehicles, which not only affects residents' health but also poses a challenge to sustainable urban planning.

However, proponents of urban development argue that these changes can lead to innovative solutions. Smart city technologies, for example, aim to improve efficiency and enhance the quality of life for inhabitants. Investments in public transport systems may reduce congestion and emissions, thus helping mitigate some negative aspects of urban growth.