Understanding GDP Components

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a crucial measure of economic performance, representing the total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. Understanding the components of GDP can help analysts and policymakers gauge the health of an economy. The three primary approaches to calculating GDP are the production (or output) approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach.

Which of the following components is NOT included in the calculation of GDP using the expenditure approach?