Management of Hemodynamic Status in Shock

A 72-year-old patient presents to the emergency department with symptoms indicative of shock. The nursing assessment reveals hypotension, tachycardia, and altered mental status. The patient has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). The healthcare team initiates various hemodynamic monitoring techniques.

Which of the following interventions should the nurse implement to manage the patient’s hemodynamic status? Select all that apply.