Mechanisms of Dysbiosis Contributing to Metabolic Diseases

The human microbiome is composed of trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, that reside in various parts of the body. These microbiota play critical roles in metabolism, immune function, and protection against pathogens. Recent research has discovered that changes in the composition of the gut microbiome can influence the development and severity of various diseases, including metabolic disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Consider the following statement: 'Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the microbial community, can lead to conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.' Based on this statement, which of the following mechanisms associated with dysbiosis is most likely to contribute to these metabolic diseases?