Supreme Court Rulings and Affirmative Action

Very Hard Unit 3: Civil Liberties & Rights Affirmative Action

Affirmative action has been a pivotal element in discussions regarding equity in education and employment. Proponents argue that it is necessary to level the playing field for groups that have been historically marginalized, while opponents claim that it leads to reverse discrimination. The Supreme Court has ruled on several occasions concerning the legitimacy and limitations of affirmative action policies in both higher education admissions and employment practices. In 2016, the Court upheld a university's affirmative action plan, indicating that diversity could be a compelling interest. However, recent rulings point to increasing scrutiny of such programs.

Given this background, which of the following statements accurately reflects a significant legal precedent set by the Supreme Court concerning affirmative action?

The Supreme Court ruled that race can be a factor in admissions decisions, but must be one of many individual factors considered.

The Supreme Court completely banned the use of racial considerations in admissions by any educational institution in the United States.

The Supreme Court determined that affirmative action is unconstitutional in all forms, regardless of context.

The Supreme Court stated that institutions must continuously prove the necessity of their affirmative action policies.

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