Pathophysiological Changes in COPD Exacerbation

A 65-year-old male patient is admitted to the emergency department with chest pain and dyspnea. The patient has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is currently on long-acting bronchodilators. Upon assessment, the nurse notes the presence of wheezing, decreased oxygen saturation at 85%, and use of accessory muscles for breathing. The healthcare provider suspects that the patient is experiencing an exacerbation of COPD. Which of the following pathophysiological changes is most likely contributing to the patient's symptoms?