A 62-year-old female patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of shortness of breath, persistent cough, and increased sputum production. Upon examination, there is evidence of wheezing and a respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute. The patient has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and recently stopped her inhaled corticosteroids due to financial constraints. Given this patient’s condition, which of the following pathophysiological processes may be contributing to her symptoms? Select all that apply.
Select all that apply: