Pathophysiology in COPD Exacerbation

Very Hard Physiological Adaptation Pathophysiology

A 65-year-old male patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is admitted to the hospital with worsening dyspnea and a productive cough. His initial arterial blood gas (ABG) results show a pH of 7.30, pCO2 of 60 mmHg, and pO2 of 55 mmHg. Based on these findings, which pathophysiological features are likely contributing to his current condition? Select all that apply.

Select all that apply:

Increased production of carbonic acid due to hypoventilation.

Decreased alveolar ventilation leading to respiratory acidosis.

Hypoxemia resulting from impaired gas exchange in the alveoli.

A compensatory increase in renal bicarbonate retention.

Increased pulmonary resistance due to chronic bronchial inflammation.

Development of pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic hypoxia.

Hint

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