Role of MicroRNAs in Gene Regulation

In the intricate pathways of molecular biology, gene expression is modulated through a variety of mechanisms that ensure precise control over protein synthesis. One significant role is played by small non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNA (miRNA). These short RNA molecules bind to complementary sequences in messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation or translational repression. Recent studies have highlighted that miRNAs can not only regulate individual genes but also coordinate expression across multiple genes in a network-like manner. Furthermore, the biogenesis of miRNAs involves several key steps, including transcription by RNA polymerase II, processing by the Microprocessor complex, and subsequent export from the nucleus. Alterations in miRNA expression levels have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer.