Understanding Ancient Civilizations: An Overview
In today's lecture on the history of ancient civilizations, Professor Green discusses various crucial developments. He starts by focusing on the early agricultural practices that emerged in Mesopotamia and their impact on societal structure. Then, he elaborates on the formation of city-states, highlighting how trade influenced cultural exchange.
Next, the professor addresses the development of writing systems, emphasizing their importance for record-keeping and governance. Following this, he examines the role of religion in shaping community ethics and laws.
Finally, he concludes by discussing the factors that contributed to the decline of these civilizations, including environmental changes and invasions, tying all the concepts together to show how each aspect influenced the rise and fall of ancient societies.
Note: This question has been adapted from its original format to accommodate a reading-based version. In the official TOEFL exam, speaking and listening sections require verbal responses and audio prompts, which are not represented here. Please note that this adaptation may not fully reflect the nature or difficulty of the official exam. The audio feature for these sections will be available soon.
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