Urbanization Responses in Late 19th Century

During the late 19th century, the United States underwent a significant transformation due to rapid urbanization, fueled by industrialization and migration trends. This era saw the rise of major cities and the development of new social and economic structures. One of the prominent developments linked to urban growth was the emergence of various responses to the challenges posed by urban life. Which of the following developments is BEST associated with the urbanization trends in this period?