In an analysis of urban air quality, researchers noted that cities with stricter vehicle emissions regulations exhibited significantly lower levels of particulate matter compared to cities with relaxed regulations. The study suggested that enforcing stricter emissions standards may lead to improved public health outcomes due to reduced air pollution.

However, some critics argue that such regulations could impose economic burdens on the automotive industry, potentially leading to job losses and increased vehicle prices for consumers. Proponents of stricter regulations contend that the long-term health benefits outweigh the initial economic challenges.