Encoding Strategies in Memory Retrieval

During a psychological experiment, participants were asked to memorize a list of words presented visually. Days later, when asked to recall the words, many struggled significantly. The researchers noted that the words were categorized into semantically linked groups, but the participants were given no specific instructions on how to encode the information. The researchers hypothesized that the manner in which the words were encoded would greatly influence the effectiveness of subsequent retrieval. Which of the following encoding strategies would likely enhance the participants' ability to later retrieve the words from memory?