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Master All Sections of the MCAT Exam

Access comprehensive practice materials for the most popular exams.

Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems

Description: This section tests your knowledge of biological and biochemical concepts, processes, and mechanisms that are foundational to the study of medicine. It emphasizes understanding of the processes unique to living organisms, such as growing, reproducing, maintaining a constant internal environment, acquiring materials and energy, sensing and responding to environmental changes, and adapting.

Subjects Tested:

  • Biochemistry (25%)
  • Biology (65%)
  • General Chemistry (5%)
  • Organic Chemistry (5%)

Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills (CARS)

Description: The CARS section tests your ability to comprehend, analyze, and evaluate complex passages. The passages are derived from social sciences and humanities disciplines, and the questions focus on your critical thinking and reasoning skills rather than specific content knowledge.

Skills Tested:

  • Foundations of Comprehension (30%)
  • Reasoning Within the Text (30%)
  • Reasoning Beyond the Text (40%)

Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems

Description: This section assesses your understanding of the chemical and physical principles that underlie the mechanisms operating in the human body and living organisms. It tests your knowledge of basic biochemistry, introductory biology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, and physics concepts. It emphasizes your ability to apply these concepts in the context of biological systems.

Subjects Tested:

  • Biochemistry (25%)
  • Biology (5%)
  • General Chemistry (30%)
  • Organic Chemistry (15%)
  • Physics (25%)

Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior

Description: This section tests your understanding of the psychological, social, and biological factors that influence perceptions and reactions to the world, behavior and behavior change, what people think about themselves and others, cultural and social differences that influence well-being, and how social stratification affects access to resources and well-being.

Subjects Tested:

  • Psychology (65%)
  • Sociology (30%)
  • Biology (5%)

Dive Deeper into Exam Categories

Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems Categories

Biochemistry
Questions testing knowledge of biochemical concepts and processes.
  • Amino Acids and Proteins:
    Structure, properties, and functions of amino acids and proteins.
  • Bioenergetics:
    Principles of bioenergetics and thermodynamics in biological systems.
  • Carbohydrates:
    Structure and function of carbohydrates.
  • Enzymes:
    Enzyme structure, function, kinetics, and inhibition.
  • Lipids and Membranes:
    Structure and function of lipids and biological membranes.
  • Metabolism:
    Metabolic pathways and their regulation.
  • Nucleic Acids and DNA Replication:
    Structure and function of nucleic acids; processes of DNA replication and repair.

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Biology
Questions testing knowledge of biological concepts and processes.
  • Cellular Biology:
    Cell structure, function, and processes including organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle.
  • Evolution:
    Mechanisms of evolution, natural selection, and speciation.
  • Genetics:
    Inheritance patterns, Mendelian genetics, molecular genetics, and genetic technologies.
  • Human Physiology:
    Organ systems, homeostasis, and physiological processes.
  • Microbiology:
    Viruses, bacteria, and the immune response.
  • Molecular Biology:
    DNA replication, transcription, translation, and regulation of gene expression.

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General Chemistry
General chemistry concepts relevant to biological systems.
  • Acids and Bases:
    Properties of acids and bases, buffers, and pH calculations in biological contexts.
  • Chemical Equilibrium:
    Dynamic equilibrium in chemical systems relevant to biological processes.

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Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry concepts relevant to biological systems.
  • Biomolecules:
    Organic chemistry of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Functional Groups:
    Identification and properties of organic functional groups relevant to biological molecules.

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Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills (CARS) Categories

Foundations of Comprehension
Questions that test understanding of the basic components of the text, including main ideas and details.
  • Detail:
    Recalling specific facts or information presented in the passage.
  • Main Idea:
    Identifying the central thesis or primary purpose of the passage.
  • Vocabulary:
    Determining the meaning of words or phrases in context.

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Reasoning Beyond the Text
Questions that test your ability to apply or extrapolate ideas from the passage to new contexts.
  • Application to New Contexts:
    Applying concepts from the passage to different situations or scenarios.
  • Strengthen and Weaken:
    Evaluating how new information impacts arguments or ideas in the passage.

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Reasoning Within the Text
Questions that test your ability to integrate and analyze components of the text to reach conclusions.
  • Author’s Technique:
    Analyzing the author’s methods, style, and structure.
  • Inference:
    Drawing conclusions or implications from the information provided.

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Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems Categories

Biochemistry
Questions testing knowledge of biochemical concepts and principles relevant to living systems.
  • Amino Acids and Proteins:
    Structure, properties, and functions of amino acids and proteins.
  • Bioenergetics:
    Principles of bioenergetics and thermodynamics in biological systems.
  • Carbohydrates:
    Structure and function of carbohydrates.
  • Enzymes:
    Enzyme structure, function, kinetics, and inhibition.
  • Lipids and Membranes:
    Structure and function of lipids and biological membranes.
  • Metabolism:
    Metabolic pathways and their regulation.
  • Nucleic Acids and DNA Replication:
    Structure and function of nucleic acids; processes of DNA replication and repair.

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Biology
Questions testing knowledge of biology concepts relevant to physical and chemical systems.
  • Cell Structure and Function:
    Structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • Homeostasis and Transport:
    Mechanisms of maintaining internal stability and transport across membranes.

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General Chemistry
Questions testing knowledge of general chemistry concepts relevant to biological systems.
  • Acids and Bases:
    Properties of acids and bases and pH calculations.
  • Atomic Structure and Periodic Trends:
    Understanding the structure of atoms and periodic properties.
  • Chemical Bonding:
    Types of chemical bonds and molecular structure.
  • Chemical Equilibrium:
    Dynamic equilibrium in chemical systems.
  • Chemical Kinetics:
    Rates of reactions and factors affecting them.
  • Electrochemistry:
    Redox reactions and electrochemical cells.
  • Gas Phase:
    Gas laws and behavior of gases.
  • Solution Chemistry:
    Properties of solutions, solubility, and concentration calculations.
  • Stoichiometry and Chemical Reactions:
    Quantitative relationships in chemical reactions.
  • Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry:
    Energy changes in chemical reactions and laws of thermodynamics.

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Organic Chemistry
Questions testing knowledge of organic chemistry concepts relevant to biological systems.
  • Addition Reactions:
    Addition mechanisms to alkenes and alkynes.
  • Aromatic Compounds:
    Properties and reactions of benzene and substituted aromatics.
  • Biological Molecules:
    Organic chemistry of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Carbonyl Chemistry:
    Reactions involving aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and derivatives.
  • Functional Groups:
    Identification and properties of organic functional groups.
  • Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions:
    Mechanisms and factors affecting SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 reactions.
  • Stereochemistry:
    Chirality, enantiomers, diastereomers, and optical activity.
  • Structure and Bonding:
    Hybridization, molecular geometry, and electronic effects in organic molecules.

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Physics
Questions testing knowledge of physics concepts relevant to biological systems.
  • Atomic and Nuclear Physics:
    Atomic structure, radioactivity, nuclear reactions.
  • Electrostatics and Electromagnetism:
    Electric fields, forces, potential, circuits, magnetism.
  • Fluid Mechanics:
    Properties of fluids, buoyancy, fluid dynamics.
  • Kinematics and Dynamics:
    Motion, forces, Newton's laws, and circular motion.
  • Optics:
    Reflection, refraction, lenses, mirrors, wave optics.
  • Thermodynamics:
    Heat, temperature, laws of thermodynamics, kinetic theory of gases.
  • Waves and Sound:
    Properties of waves, sound, Doppler effect.
  • Work and Energy:
    Work, kinetic and potential energy, conservation of energy.

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Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior Categories

Biology
Biological concepts related to behavior and mental processes.
  • Endocrine System:
    Hormones and their influence on behavior.
  • Nervous System:
    Structure and function of the nervous system, neurotransmitters, and brain regions.

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Psychology
Questions testing knowledge of psychological concepts and theories.
  • Emotion and Stress:
    Emotional processes, theories of emotion, and the impact of stress.
  • Motivation and Identity:
    Theories of motivation, personality, and identity formation.
  • Perception and Cognition:
    Processes of sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition.
  • Psychological Disorders:
    Classification, symptoms, and treatments of psychological disorders.
  • Social Psychology:
    Attitudes, group behavior, and social influence.

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Sociology
Questions testing knowledge of sociological concepts and theories.
  • Culture:
    Cultural norms, values, and beliefs.
  • Demographics and Inequality:
    Population dynamics, social inequality, and health disparities.
  • Social Structure:
    Institutions, social groups, and stratification.

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And more! Questions and categories are updated monthly to keep you ahead.

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